Symptoms

• Dull pain in the lower pelvic area
• Frequent urinating
• Trouble urinating, pain, burning, or weak urine flow
• Blood in the urine (Hematuria) 
• Painful ejaculation
• Pain in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs
• Loss of appetite
• Loss of weight
• Bone pain

Risk factors

Researchers do not know exactly what causes prostate cancer. But they have found some risk factors:

Age: As men age, their risk of getting prostate cancer goes up. It is rarely found in men younger than 40. Damage to the genetic material (DNA) of prostate cells is more likely for men over the age of 55. Age is a well-known risk factor for prostate cancer. But smoking and being overweight are more closely linked with dying from prostate cancer.

Ethnicity: The reason why prostate cancer is more prevalent in African men is unclear, yet it may be due to socioeconomic, environmental, diet, or other factors. Other ethnicities, such as Hispanic and Asian men, are less likely to get prostate cancer.

Family History: Men with a family history of prostate cancer also face a higher risk of also developing the disease. A man is 2 to 3 times more likely to get prostate cancer if his father, brother, or son had it.

Smoking: Studies show prostate cancer risk may double for heavy smokers. Smoking is also linked to a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer. However, within 10 years of quitting, your risk for prostate cancer goes down to that of a non-smoker the same age.

Diet: Diet and lifestyle may affect the risk of prostate cancer. It isn't clear exactly how. Your risk may be higher if you eat more calories, animal fats, refined sugar, and not enough fruits and vegetables.

Staging

The tumor stage is also measured. Staging describes where the cancer is within the prostate, how extensive it is, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. One can have low stage cancer that is very high risk. Staging the cancer is done by DRE and special imaging studies.

The system used for tumor staging is the TNM system. TNM stands for tumor, nodes, and metastasis. The "T" stage is found by DRE and other imaging tests such as an ultrasound, CT scan, MRI or bone scan. The imaging tests show if and where cancer has spread, for example, to lymph nodes or bone.

These staging imaging tests are generally done for men with a Gleason grade of 7 or higher and a PSA higher.

Investigation: The PSA, a blood test, is used mainly to screen for prostate cancer in men without symptoms. It’s also one of the first tests done on men who have symptoms.

Prostate Biopsy:

A biopsy is a procedure in which small samples of the prostate are removed and then looked at with a microscope. A core needle biopsy is the main method used to diagnose prostate cancer. It is usually done by a urologist.

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS): It is sometimes used to look for suspicious areas in the prostate in men who have an abnormal DRE or PSA test result.

MRI can be used to help determine if a man with an abnormal screening test or with symptoms that might be from prostate cancer should get a prostate biopsy.

Multiparametric MRI: This newer MRI technique can be used to help better define possible areas of cancer in the prostate, as well as to get an idea of how quickly cancer might grow

Others are biopsy and CT scan.